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nobel peace prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (where Nobel is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable) is one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. While the Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Literature Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm, the Peace Prize is awarded in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. The Norwegian Nobel Committee, whose members are chosen by the Norwegian Parliament, is appointed to select the laureate for the Peace Prize, and the prize is awarded by its chairman, Dr. Ole Danbolt Mjøs. At the time of Alfred Nobel's death Sweden and Norway were in a personal union in which the Swedish parliament was solely responsible for foreign policy (in addition to Swedish domestic policy), and the Norwegian Parliament was responsible only for Norwegian domestic policy. Alfred Nobel therefore stipulated that the Peace Prize be awarded by Norway rather than Sweden in order to prevent the manipulation of the selection process by foreign powers.

According to the will of Alfred Nobel the prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".

Unlike the other Nobel Prizes, the Nobel Peace Prize may be awarded to persons or organizations that are in the process of resolving an issue, rather than upon the resolution of the issue. In this way, the Nobel Peace Prize differs from all the other Nobel prizes. Since the prize can be given to individuals involved in ongoing peace processes, some of the awards now appear, with hindsight, questionable, particularly when those processes failed to bear lasting fruit. For example, the awards given to Theodore Roosevelt, Le Duc Tho, and Henry Kissinger were particularly controversial and criticized; the latter prompted two dissenting committee members to resign [http://nobelprize.org/peace/articles/controversies/index.html]. The Nobel Committee has also received criticism from right-wing groups who see their decisions as guided by an apparent left-wing bias. They specially condemn the prize being given to people like Yasser Arafat, whom they view as a supporter of terrorism.

Laureates

List of Nobel Prize laureates in Peace from 1901 to the present day.

__NOTOC__
1900s - 1910s - 1920s - 1930s - 1940s - 1950s - 1960s - 1970s - 1980s - 1990s - 2000s

1900s

{| border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1901
|| Jean Henri Dunant (Switzerland)
|founder of the Red Cross and initiator of the Geneva Convention.
|-
| Frédéric Passy (France)
|founder and president of the Société Française pour l'arbitrage entre nations.
|-
| 1902
|Élie Ducommun (Switzerland) and Charles Albert Gobat
|honorary secretaries of the Permanent International Peace Bureau in Berne.
|-
| 1903
|Sir William Randal Cremer (UK)
|secretary of the International Arbitration League.
|-
| 1904
|Institut de droit international (Gent, Belgium).
|-
| 1905
|Bertha Sophie Felicitas Baronin von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (Austria)
|writer, honorary president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
|-
| 1906
|Theodore Roosevelt (USA)
|president of the United States, for drawing up the peace treaty in the Russo-Japanese War.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1907
|Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (Italy)
|president of the Lombard League of Peace.
|-
| Louis Renault (France)
|professor of International Law.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1908
|Klas Pontus Arnoldson (Sweden)
|founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League.
|-
| Fredrik Bajer (Denmark)
|honorary president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1909
|Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert (Belgium)
|member of the Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage.
|-
| Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant (France)
|founder and president of the French parliamentary group for international arbitration. Founder of the (*****)
|}

1910s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1910
|Bureau International Permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau), Berne.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1911
|Tobias Michael Carel Asser (Netherlands)
|initiator of the International Conferences of Private Law in The Hague.
|-
| Alfred Hermann Fried (Austria)
|founder of Die Waffen Nieder.
|-
| 1912 || Elihu Root (USA)
|for initiating various arbitration agreements.
|-
| 1913
|Henri la Fontaine (Belgium)
|president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
|-
| 1914 || rowspan=3 | Not awarded
|-
| 1915
|-
| 1916
|-
| 1917
|International Red Cross, Geneva.
|-
| 1918
|Not awarded
|-
| 1919
|Woodrow Wilson (USA)
|president of the United States, for founding the League of Nations.
|}

1920s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1920
|Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois
|president of the Council of the League of Nations.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1921
|Hjalmar Branting (Sweden)
|prime minister, Swedish delegate to the Council of the League of Nations.
|-
| Christian Lous Lange (Norway)
|secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
|-
| 1922
|Fridtjof Nansen (Norway)
|Norwegian delegate to the League of Nations, originator of the Nansen passports for refugees.
|-
| 1923 || rowspan=2 | Not awarded
|-
| 1924
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1925
|Sir Austen Chamberlain (UK) for the Locarno Treaty.
|-
| Charles Gates Dawes (USA)
|chairman of the Allied Reparation Commission and originator of the Dawes Plan.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1926
|Aristide Briand (France) for the Locarno Treaties.
|-
| Gustav Stresemann (Germany)
|for the Locarno Treaties.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1927
|Ferdinand Buisson (France)
|founder and president of the League for Human Rights.
|-
| Ludwig Quidde (Germany)
|delegate to numerous peace conferences.
|-
| 1928
|Not awarded
|-
| 1929
|Frank B. Kellogg (USA)
|for the Briand-Kellogg Pact.
|}

1930s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1930
|Archbishop Lars Olof Nathan (Jonathan) Söderblom (Sweden)
|leader of the ecumenical movement.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1931
|Jane Addams (USA)
|international president of the (*****)
|-
| Nicholas Murray Butler (USA)
|for promoting the Briand-Kellogg Pact.
|-
| 1932
|Not awarded
|-
| 1933
|Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) (UK)
|writer, member of the Executive Committee of the League of Nations and the National Peace Council.
|-
| 1934
|Arthur Henderson (UK)
|chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference
|-
| 1935
|Carl von Ossietzky (Germany)
|pacifist journalist.
|-
| 1936
|Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina)
|president of the League of Nations and mediator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia.
|-
| 1937
| (*****)
|founder and president of the International Peace Campaign.
|-
| 1938
|Nansen International Office For Refugees, Geneva.
|-
| 1939
|Not awarded
|}

1940s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1940||rowspan=4|Not awarded
|-
| 1941
|-
| 1942
|-
| 1943
|-
| 1944
|International Committee of the Red Cross (awarded retroactively in 1945).
|-
| 1945
|Cordell Hull (USA)
|for co-initiating the United Nations.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1946
|Emily Greene Balch (USA)
|honorary international president of the (*****)
|-
| John R. Mott (USA)
|chairman of the International Missionary Council and president of the (*****)
|-
| 1947
|The Friends Service Council (UK) and The American Friends Service Committee (USA)
|on behalf of the Religious Society of Friends, better known as the Quakers.
|-
| 1948
|Not awarded
|Apparently it would have been awarded to Mahatma Gandhi had he not been dead. See the Nobel e-museum article. [http://nobelprize.org/peace/articles/gandhi/index.html]
|-
| 1949
|The Lord Boyd-Orr (UK)
|director General Food and Agricultural Organization, president National Peace Council, president World Union of Peace Organizations.
|}

1950s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1950
|Ralph Bunche
|for mediating in Palestine (1948).
|-
| 1951
|Léon Jouhaux (France)
|president of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the UN.
|-
| 1952
|Albert Schweitzer (France)
|for founding the Lambarene Hospital in Gabon.
|-
| 1953
|American Secretary of State George Catlett Marshall
|for the Marshall Plan.
|-
| 1954
|The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
|-
| 1955 || rowspan=2 | Not awarded
|-
| 1956
|-
| 1957
|Lester Bowles Pearson (Canada)
|president of the 7th session of the United Nations General Assembly for introducing peacekeeping forces to resolve the Suez Crisis.
|-
| 1958
|Georges Pire (Belgium)
|leader of (*****) , a relief organization for refugees.
|-
| 1959
|Philip Noel-Baker (UK)
|for his lifelong ardent work for international peace and co-operation.
|}

1960s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1960
|Albert Lutuli (South Africa)
|president of the ANC (African National Congress).
|-
| 1961
|Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)
|secretary-general of the UN (awarded posthumously).
|-
| 1962
|Linus Carl Pauling (USA)
|for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1963
|International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva.
|-
| League of Red Cross Societies, Geneva.
|-
| 1964
|Martin Luther King Jr (USA)
|campaigner for civil rights.
|-
| 1965
|United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF)
|-
| 1966 || rowspan=2 | Not awarded
|-
| 1967
|-
| 1968
|René Cassin (France)
|president of the European Court of Human Rights.
|-
| 1969
|International Labour Organization (I.L.O.), Geneva.
|}

1970s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1970
|Norman Borlaug (USA)
|for research at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
|-
| 1971
|Chancellor Willy Brandt (Germany)
|for West Germany's Ostpolitik, embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and East Germany.
|-
| 1972
|Not awarded
|-
| 1973
|Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger (USA) and Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho (Vietnam, declined)
|for the Vietnam peace accord.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1974
|Seán MacBride (Ireland)
|president of the International Peace Bureau and the Commission of Namibia of the United Nations.
|-
| Eisaku Sato (佐藤榮作) (Japan)
|prime minister.
|-
| 1975
|Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (USSR)
|for his campaigning for human rights.
|-
| 1976
|Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan
|founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People).
|-
| 1977
|Amnesty International, London
|for its campaign against torture.
|-
| 1978
|President Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat (Egypt) and Prime Minister Menachem Begin (Israel)
|for negotiating peace between Egypt and Israel.
|-
| 1979
|Mother Teresa
|poverty awareness campaigner (India)
|}

1980s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1980
|Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina)
|human rights
|-
| 1981
|The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
|-
| 1982
|Alva Myrdal (Sweden) and Alfonso García Robles (Mexico)
|delegates to the United Nations General Assembly on Disarmament.
|-
| 1983
|Lech Wałęsa (Poland)
|founder of Solidarność and campaigner for human rights. Served as the first president of Poland after the fall of Communism
|-
| 1984
|Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu (South Africa)
|for his work against apartheid.
|-
| 1985
|International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Boston.
|-
| 1986
|Elie Wiesel (USA)
|author, Holocaust survivor
|-
| 1987
|Óscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica)
|for initiating peace negotiations in Central America.
|-
| 1988
|The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces, New York.
|-
| 1989
|Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.
|}

1990s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 1990
|President Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (USSR)
|"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"
|-
| 1991
|Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar)
|"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"
|-
| 1992
|Author Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala)
|"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"
|-
| 1993
|President Nelson Mandela (South Africa) and Former President Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)
|"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"
|-
| 1994
|PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat (Palestine), Foreign Minister Shimon Peres (Israel) and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)
|"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"
|-
| 1995
|Józef Rotblat (Poland/UK) and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
|"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"
|-
| 1996
|Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo (East Timor) and José Ramos Horta (East Timor)
|"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"
|-
| 1997
|International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams
|"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
|-
| 1998
|John Hume (UK) and David Trimble (UK)
|"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"
|-
| 1999
|Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels.
|"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"
|}

2000s

{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="font-size: 100%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
!Year
!Individual or Organization
!Notes
|-
| 2000
|President Kim Dae Jung (金大中) (South Korea)
|"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"
|-
| 2001
|The United Nations and Secretary-General Kofi Annan (Ghana)
|"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
|-
| 2002
|Jimmy Carter - former President of the United States
|"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
|-
| 2003
|Shirin Ebadi (شیرین عبادی), (Iran)
|"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."
|-
|2004
|Wangari Maathai (Kenya)
|"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
|}

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nobel prize
The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. It is generally regarded as the supreme commendation in the world today. The prizes were instituted by the final will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist, and the inventor of dynamite. He signed his will at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on November 27, 1895. He was shocked to see how his invention was used for destructive purposes and wanted the prizes to be awarded to those who served mankind well.

About the Prizes

The first ceremony to award the Nobel Prizes in literature, physics, chemistry, and medicine was held at the Old Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901; since 1902, the prizes have been formally awarded by the King of Sweden. King Oscar II did not initially approve of awarding grand national prizes to foreigners, but is said to have changed his mind after realizing the publicity value of the prizes for the country.

The Prizes are awarded at a formal ceremony held annually on December 10, the date that Alfred Nobel passed away. However, the names of the laureates are typically announced in October by the different committees and institutions that serve as selection boards for the prizes.

A large monetary award is included with the Nobel Prizes, currently about 10 million Swedish Kronor (slightly more than one million Euros or about 1.3 million US dollars). This was originally intended to allow laureates to continue working or researching without the pressures of raising money. (In actual fact, many prize winners have retired before winning, and many Literature winners have been silenced by it, even if younger.)

The Nobel Prize may only be awarded to living persons; it may not be awarded posthumously, which has sometimes sparked criticism that someone deserving of a Nobel Prize never received the prize because he or she died before being nominated for it.

It should be noted that the expression "nominated for a Nobel Prize," when used to establish someone's credentials or expertise in a certain field, is an essentially meaningless expression. Anyone can nominate anyone else for a Nobel Prize.

Prize categories

Prizes have been awarded annually since 1901 for achievements in:

- Physics (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)
- Chemistry (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)
- Physiology or Medicine (decided by the Karolinska Institute)
- Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy)
- Peace (decided by a committee appointed by the Norwegian Storting)

After Nobel's death it turned out that he had not asked any of the deciding bodies whether they would accept the responsibility; they decided to do so after quite a lot of hesitation.

In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank, the Bank of Sweden, instituted the "Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel".

- (*****) (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Since this prize has no foundation in Nobel's will, and is not paid by his money, it is technically not a Nobel prize (and the present Nobel family does not accept it as such). It is however awarded together with the other Nobel prizes.

In 1968, the decision was made not to add any more prizes "in memory of Nobel" in the future. In February of 1995, it was decided that the economics prize be essentially defined as a prize in social sciences, opening the Nobel Prize to great contributions in fields like political science, psychology, and sociology. Also, the economics prize committee was changed to require two non-economists to decide the prize each year, whereas previously the prize committee had consisted of five economists.

Other prizes

Some fields without a Nobel prize have instituted prizes of their own which are not as well-known: the Polar Music Prize, the Fields Medal in mathematics; also the Abel Prize in mathematics, presented by the King of Norway, the Pritzker Prize in architecture, the Turing Award in computing, the Wollaston Medal in geology, the Templeton Prize in religion, the Schock Prizes in logic and philosophy, mathematics, visual arts and musical arts.

In a sense the prizes announced recently by the World Technology Network are an indirect continuation of the wishes of Alfred Nobel, as he set them out in his testament. In this short one page document he stipulated that the money should go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry. He had opened the door to technological awards, but he had not left instructions on how to do the split between science and technology. Since the deciding bodies in these domains were more concerned with Science than technology it is not surprising that the prizes went to scientists and not to engineers, technicians or other inventors.

The Kyoto Prizes are awarded in three categories: Advanced Technology, Basic Sciences, and Arts and Philosophy. The Millennium Technology Prize is an international award for outstanding technological achievements. The Right Livelihood Awards (also known as "Alternative Nobel Prizes") are awarded to persons who have made important contributions in areas such as environmental protection, peace, human rights, health etc. In 2002 the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, an international prize for children and youth literature, was instituted in honour of Swedish children's book author Astrid Lindgren. The humorous Ig Nobel Prize is a parody which annually honors research "that cannot or should not be repeated".